Berbicara tentang Citizen Journalism, keberadaan Citizen Journalism sendiri merupakan perkembangan dari keberadaan media online. Online journalism memungkinkan masyarakat untuk bisa berkomentar, menyampaikan pendapat, dan bebas bereksepresi. Online journalism juga menjadi sumber utama bagi masyarakat untuk memperoleh informasi. Informasi baik itu blog, video, posting diskusi, dan bentuk - bentuk media lainnya.
Citizen Journalism juga memiliki banyak kelebihan, diantaranya :
1. Cepat diakses
2. Murah
3. Memberikan kesempatan bagi masyarakat untuk bersuara
4. Menjadi pengganti bagi media tradisional dalam melaporkan berita
5. Melaporkan tanpa aturan
Citizen Journalism tentunya juga memiliki beberapa kekurangan, diantaranya :
1. Berita hoax
2. Tidak representatif
3. Kelemahan profesionalitas
Jadi, citizen journalism memiliki peran yang besar dalam menghadirkan informasi yang menjadi kebutuhan publik. Citizen journalism menandakan proses demokrasi yang berjalan cukup baik di Indonesia.
Halo
semuanya, kali ini saya ingin membahas tentang pentingnya elemen jurnalistik
dalam penulisan blog.
Source : Google Images
Di zaman yang serba mudah dengan berkembangnya teknologi dan meningkatnya jumlah netizen, semakin banyak
pula orang yang mencari informasi di blog dan bahkan menulis di blog. Kini,
blog tak hanya menjadi catatan harian namun menjadi sumber informasi
yang penting baik dalam edukasi, hingga berperan dalam mengawasi
pemerintahan.
Mengingat
Indonesia sangat demokratis dan membebaskan warga negaranya untuk berekspresi
melalui social media maupun blog. Namun, kebebasan ini kadang disalahgunakan,
banyak netizen yang belum mengerti caranya menulis yang baik dan benar di social
media maupun blog, karena hal itu akan berdampak bagi masyarakat yang
membacanya.
Positifnya adalah, informasi yang ddapatkan dari blogger sifatnya
lebih alami, tidak dibuat- buat, tidak ditekan pemilik modal, atau tanpa niatan
tertentu. Kebanyakan dari blogger hanyalah ebrniat untuk berbagi informasi dan
mereka senang akan hal tersebut. Maka dari itu, blogger perlu mengetahui kelak
tulisannya akan berdampak apa bagi pembacanya walau misalnya yang ditulis
adalah curhatan galau. Meskipun kita ini hanya kalangan biasa yang mempunyai
hobi menulis, tetapi kita perlu beajar professional, kan?
Blogger perlu mengetahui unsur-unsur
jurnalistik. Jadi, jurnalis warga perlu mengetahui sembilan elemen jurnalisme
dan terpenting adalah motivasi di balik tulisan yang dibuat. Dari semua elemen
itu, nilai dasar elemen jurnalistik untuk jurnalisme warga adalah Independensi,
kebebasan dan tanggung jawab sosialsosial. Pada akhirnya, blogging adalah
bagaimana jurnalis warga memiliki itikad baik berbagi informasi dengan satu
sama lain. Dengan demikian tulisan para blogger akan lebih bermakna dan
berkualitas.
Dalam
dunia jurnalistik pasti mengenal Bill Kovach dan rekannya Tom Rosentiel, mereka
adalah penulis buku sembilan elemen jurnalistik yang hingga kini menjadi
referensi bagi para jurnalis. Dalam bukunya yang berjudul The Element Of
Journalism: What Newspeople Should Know And The Public Should Expect yang
sudah diterjemahkan dalam bahasa Indonesia oleh PANTAU memuat sembilan elemen
dasar jurnalistik yang menjadi tanggung jawab dasar, standar kerja dan peran
para jurnalis di masyarakat.
Oleh karena itu penting bagi para jurnalis
(amatir, profesional) untuk mengamalkannya dalam kegiatan menulis yang tertuang
di blog, ataupun media massa yang di konsumsi oleh publik agar mengetahui
prinsip dan etika berkomunikasi dalam tulisan.
Berikut
adalah elemen jurnalistik yang menjadi tanggung jawab dasar, standar kerja dan
kebebasan dalam praktik menulis yang diadaptasi dari pemikiran Kovach &
Rossentiel (2004) :
1.
Kewajiban jurnalisme yang pertama adalah kebenaran
Menyampaikan
kebenaran adalah niatan dasar ketika menulis. Penulis harus memiliki kejujuran,
dan objektif terhadap fakta. Kejujuran adalah unsur yang menentukan dalam
peristiwa komunikasi. Menulis adalah salah satu dari peristiwa komunikasi,
sehingga Kejujuran tidak saja menjadikan proses komunikasi berjalan lancar, dan
mampu menciptakan pemahaman yang baik di antara partisipan komunikasi dalam hal
ini para pembaca.
Publik
telah memberikan kepercayaan kepada media untuk mengolah suatu peristiwa menjadi
informasi yang bisa dipahami bersama. Dalam kehidupan media, tidak dipungkiri
bahwa media pun memiliki kebutuhan-kebutuhan bisnis, maka seringkali dijumpai
banyak terjadi pengaburan misi jurnalisme itu sendiri. Padahal seharusnya,
media memelihara kepercayaan publik dengan setia memberikan informasi-informasi
yang membangun bahkan seharusnya media berani untuk tidak meraup untung dengan
tidak mencetak atau menayangkan informasi yang sekiranya dapat menyulut
pertikaian dan keresahan di masyarakat.
2.Kesetiaan pertamanya adalah kepada warga/ publik
Publik telah memberikan kepercayaan kepada media untuk mengolah suatu peristiwa menjadi informasi yang bisa dipahami bersama. Dalam kehidupan media, tidak dipungkiri bahwa media pun memiliki kebutuhan-kebutuhan bisnis, maka seringkali dijumpai banyak terjadi pengaburan misi jurnalisme itu sendiri.
3.
Esensi Jurnalisme Adalah Disiplin dan Melakukan Verifikasi
Pada
saat membuat sebuah tulisan, seseorang harus disiplin melakukan verifikasi
dengan melakukan pertanyaan seperti berikut : apakah informasinya benar?apakah
tidak keliru?
Hal
inilah yang perlu dilakukan para blogger, selain semangat kebebasan menulis,
agar tidak salah kaprah mereka harus rajin melakukan verifikasi.
4.
Jurnalis Menjaga Independensinya Terhadap Objek Liputannya
Ketika
menulis maka perlu menjaga independensi. Dalam praktiknya, ketika menulis,
seseorang tidak bisa lepas dari sudut pandangnya sendiri, namun perlu untuk
menyadari bahwa fakta adalah segalanya.
5.
Jurnalis Warga Memantau Kekuasaan
Tulisan
yang dibuat adalah untuk menegakkan demokrasi. Seringkali tulisan-tulisan yang
dibuat terhadap pemerintah tidak dibuat berdasarkan investigasi. Bahkan
sebagian orang menulis berdasarkan rumor yang baru beredar, lalu mereka tulis
kembali berdasarkan data-data yang juga didapatkan dari sumber yang tidak jelas
nara sumber dan akurasinya.
6.
Jurnalisme Sebagai Forum Publik
Dalam
tulisan-tulisan yang berisikan aspirasi kepada pemerintah akan banyak
reaksi-reaksi yang ditimbulkan sehingga pada akhirnya akan sampai pula ke
telinga para pemegang kekuasaan. Jurnalisme sebagai forum publik perlu menjadi
perhatian khusus karena melalui forum inilah demokrasi ditegakkan.
7.
Jurnalisme Harus Memikat dan Relevan
Dalam
memahami elemen ketujuh ini, tulisan yang dimaksud adalah “tulisan yang enak
dibaca dan perlu.” Oleh karena itu perlu diperhatikan komposisi, naik turun
emosi pembaca, tentang etika, norma, dan sebagainya.
8.
Menjadikan Berita Proporsional dan Komprehensif
Tulisan
yang dibuat khususnya berita/ reportase haruslah proporsional, judulnya tak
hanya sensasional namun isi beritanya juga akurat. Blogger pun perlu
memperhatikan bagaimana Ia memilih tema yang akan ditulisnya. Tak hanya judul
yang menarik namun isi tulisan yang juga harus komprehensif, mudah dibaca dan
tidak menyesatkan pembaca.
9.
Jurnalis Mendengar Hati Nuraninya
Seorang
blogger perlu juga mempertanyakan dan mendengarkan hati nuraninya. Ia tak hanya
sekadar menulis, sehingga tulisannya menjadi penghakiman akan sesuatu, berat
sebelah atau informasi yang keliru. Dengan demikian blogger kembali pada hati
nurani dan etika.
Kesimpulannya adalah elemen jurnalistik dalam menulis blog itu sangat penting karena fenomena blogging tak
hanya sekedar aktivitas menulis catatan harian, namun kegiatan jurnalistik yang
menjadi forum untuk menegakkan demokrasi. Dalam aktivitas blogging terdapat
independensi, kebebasan dan tanggung jawab sosial, dimana ketiga hal ini adalah
nilai dasar dari proses jurnalistik yang juga tertuang dalam elemen-elemen
jurnalistik. Tulisan yang mengamalkan elemen jurnalistik akan berdampak positif
bagi demokrasi di negara Indonesia.
Walau
blogger tak bisa disamakan dengan wartawan, tulisan-tulisan yang dibuat para
jurnalis warga sebaiknya berlandaskan sembilan elemen jurnalistik. Tentu saja
butuh latihan menulis terus - menerus, dan yang terutama adalah motivasi
dibalik setiap tulisan yang dibuat. Pada akhirnya kegiatan blogging adalah
bagaimana para jurnalis warga dengan niat baik berbagi informasi kepada
sesamanya.
Public
speaking will help you increase your self confidence dramatically. We live in a
materialistic society and you can’t avoid that. A lot of our self worth and
self esteem is gained by our perceptions of what we think other people think
about us.
By doing public speaking you are increasing your skill at
communicating with others, making you more confident around people
automatically, and it also increases your skill at perceiving people’s
reactions to your message.
2. Makes you more comfortable around other people
Source : Google Images
Public
speaking is important because it increases your skills at speaking (an activity
we do every single day) and thus even when you are with one other person, as
opposed to a group, you are less likely to be awkward and more likely to be
comfortable and confident.
3. One of the
best ways to generate sales (or get a better job)
Source : Google Images
If you own a
business or do some form of work on the side public speaking is one of the best
ways to generate sales. Understanding how to effectively get your message (and
the emotions tied to that message) across to another person can help you
generate more sales for your company.
4. One of the most effective ways to get your
message across
Source : Google Images
Public
speaking still remains as one of the most effective ways to get your message
across to a large audience.
5. At some
point in your life you will need to do it
Source : Google Images
Almost every
single person will need to speak in public at some point in their lives. Every
public speaking opportunity is an opportunity to grow your leadership, your
influence and your career.
By becoming a
confident and capable public speaker you instantly put yourself above many
other people who refuse to stand up and speak.
You might need to work in sales and speak to groups of people to sell product,
you might need to give a presentation at a business meeting, you might have to
give a speech at your daughter’s wedding. No matter who you are it is almost
100% certain you will need to give a speech at some point in your life.
6. It will
allow you to make a difference in your life, business, community, career
Source : Google Images
As we said
above, every speaking opportunity is an opportunity to grow in leadership and influence.
Having the opportunity to influence people’s thoughts (remember they’re taking
time out of their busy head to listen to your thoughts on the world) put you in
a position to create real positive change in people’s lives.
7. Skills
learned can boost performance in other areas of life
Source : Google Images
Public
speaking will improve you communication skills, your leadership skills, your
confidence and your ability to read and understand people, sometimes people
need to go through a Corporate Communication Training in order to
achieve this level of confidence. There are multiple other skills you will
learn when public speaking that can actually boost your performance and
fulfilment in other areas of your life.
8. Public
speaking allows you to demonstrate your knowledge
Source : Google Images
90% of people
will avoid getting up in front of people to give a speech. By standing up and
speaking to a crowd you are positioning yourself as an expert in your field and
you have a great opportunity to share your knowledge.
9. Public
speaking allows you to improve upon your knowledge
Source : Google Images
One of the
best ways to learn is to teach, and public speaking is exactly that…an
opportunity to teach. Public speaking is important because it helps you to
improve your knowledge. The preparation that goes into a speech and the fact
that you have to work out how to communicate to others effectively makes you
understand your content that much better.
10. Public
speaking differentiates you in the workforce
Source : Google Images
As I said
before, probably 90% of people will avoid speaking up in a given situation…and
probably even more people avoid public speaking. By having the confidence and
ability to speak in public you can differentiate yourself in the workforce.
This could put you in line for the next promotion or keep your head off the
chopping block when the next redundancy rolls around.
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THE ETHICS IN PUBLIC SPEAKING
1. Show Respect for Your Audience
Source : Google Images
Everyone loves to be respected, and your audience loves it too. It definitely does not show respect to talk down to them or any particular person in the audience irrespective of their gender, religion, ethnicity, race, educational, or social status. If getting your points across requires using practical examples, avoid using examples that will belittle or offend them.
2. Respect Your Audience’s Time
Source : Google Images
Show respect for your their time by keeping to the allotted time for your speech. A good way to do this effectively is good preparation. If you prepare well in advance, it will keep you from running overtime.
Spending a few minutes more than necessary may make your audience uneasy and lose interest in your speech. That may defeat the very purpose of the speech. It may make all the hard work you've put into the delivery from the beginning a waste. So be careful!
3. Prepare Your Speech
Source : Google Images
Good preparation is an ethic in public speaking you dare not overlook. Remember that in listening to you, your audience has invested time, effort, and, in some cases, money they could have used for something else. In return, they expect something in return! It wouldn’t be fair and ethical for you to repay such investments with a wishy-washy presentation!
Prepare well in advance. Do research on the subject and gather all necessary facts and references. Then rehearse your speech. Practice until you gain mastery of your speech.
4. Be Honest and Don’t Mislead Your Audience
Source : Google Images
How would you feel if you listened to a speech, and you enjoyed it, but you later discovered that the facts presented in the speech were distorted to suit the speaker’s selfish motives? I bet you'd feel bad and greatly disappointed.
Ethics in public speaking demand that you are honest and accurate in the information you are presenting to your audience. Do not intentionally mislead them. Do not distort the facts to suit your aim. If you are not sure about a piece of information, fact, or statistics, don’t use it! Nothing can hurt a speaker’s credibility more than inaccurate, distorted information.
6. Ensure Your Objective Is Ethical
Source : Google Images
If the objective of your speech is to motivate people to get involved in harmful, illegal, or unethical activities, then you are not observing the ethics in public speaking. It is as simple as that!
For example, how do you perceive a very good public speaker who promotes terrorism or the use of hard drugs? Ethical? I doubt it.
As a further example, Adolf Hitler is considered a great public speaker. But his speech started one of the greatest atrocities known in human history.
7. Be Yourself
Source : Google Images
Everybody is unique. Even identical twins are different in some ways. While it is a good idea to learn from others, especially those we consider as role models, don’t try to be someone you are not!
Be natural in your delivery. When you try to be someone you are not, your audience will notice and you will only look and sound fake to them. This will harm your credibility and water down the effectiveness of your delivery.
All people feel
some physiological reactions like pounding hearts and
trembling hands. Do not associate these feelings with the sense that you
will perform poorly or make a fool of yourself. Some nerves are good. The
adrenaline rush that makes you sweat also makes you more alert and ready to
give your best performance.
The best way to
overcome anxiety is to prepare, prepare, and prepare some more. Take the time
to go over your notes several times. Once you have become comfortable with the
material, practice—a lot. Videotape yourself, or get a friend to critique your
performance.
2. Know Your Audience. Your Speech Is About
Them, Not You.
Source : Google Images
Before you begin
to craft your message, consider who the message is intended for. Learn as much
about your listeners as you can. This will help you determine your choice of
words, level of information, organization pattern, and motivational statement.
3. Organize Your Material in the Most
Effective Manner to Attain Your Purpose.
Source : Google Images
Create the
framework for your speech. Write down the topic, general purpose, specific
purpose, central idea, and main points. Make sure to grab the audience’s
attention in the first 30 seconds.
4. Watch for Feedback and Adapt to It.
Source : Google Images
Keep the focus on
the audience. Gauge their reactions, adjust your message, and stay flexible.
Delivering a canned speech will guarantee that you lose the attention of or
confuse even the most devoted listeners.
5. Let Your Personality Come Through.
Source : Google Images
Be yourself,
don’t become a talking head—in any type of communication. You will establish
better credibility if your personality shines through, and your audience will
trust what you have to say if they can see you as a real person.
6. Use Humor,
Tell Stories, and Use Effective Language.
Inject a funny
anecdote in your presentation, and you will certainly grab your audience’s
attention. Audiences generally like a personal touch in a speech. A story can
provide that.
7. Don’t Read Unless You Have to. Work from
an Outline.
Reading from a
script or slide fractures the interpersonal connection. By maintaining eye
contact with the audience, you keep the focus on yourself and your message. A
brief outline can serve to jog your memory and keep you on task.
8. Use Your Voice and Hands Effectively. Omit
Nervous Gestures.
Source : Google Images
Nonverbal
communication carries most of the message. Good delivery does not call
attention to itself, but instead conveys the speaker’s ideas clearly and
without distraction.
9. Grab Attention at the Beginning, and Close
with a Dynamic End.
Do you enjoy
hearing a speech start with “Today I’m going to talk to you about X”? Most
people don’t. Instead, use a startling statistic, an interesting anecdote, or
concise quotation. Conclude your speech with a summary and a strong statement
that your audience is sure to remember.
10. Use Audiovisual Aids Wisely.
Source : Google Images
Too many can
break the direct connection to the audience, so use them sparingly. They should
enhance or clarify your content, or capture and maintain your audience’s
attention.
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HOW TO WRITE A GOOD SPEECH FOR PUBLIC
SPEAKING?
7 Steps for Writing a Speech
The steps for
writing a speech for public speaking are for similar to the steps for writing a
presentation in general. However, at each stage of the writing process you need
to keep your audience in mind.
1. Research Your
Audience
Source : Google Images
Whenever you do
any type of writing you need to consider who you are trying to reach with your
writing. Speech writing is no different. In general, the more you know about
your target audience the more effective your writing will be in reaching them.
Once you've defined your audience, you can gear your speech towards
them. To do this, ask yourself questions like:
What does this audience need?
What
problem can I solve for them?
Is
there anything else I need to consider about my listeners?
2. Select a Topic
Source : Google Images
For selecting a
good topic, consider these 3 :
Create a list of the strengths of my
business.
Compare
the list of business strengths to the problems I observed with the other
members' websites in the previous step.
Focus
my presentation on the areas where my business strengths meet weaknesses
(needs) of other members.
Avoid the temptation of trying to cover too much information. Most
people are so overwhelmed by the sheer amount of new data they receive each day
that they can't keep up with it all. Your listeners are more likely to remember
your public speaking speech if it's tightly focused on one or two points.
3. Research Your Topic
Source : Google Images
In the example
we've been going over, you probably don't need to do a lot of research. And
you've already narrowed your topic down. But some public speaking situations
may require that that you cover a topic that you are less familiar with.
4. Write Your Speech
Once you've
completed the steps above, you're ready to write your speech. Here are some
basic speech writing tips:
Begin with an outline. To create a speech your audience will
remember, you've got to be organized. An outline is one of the best ways
to organize your thoughts.
Use a conversational tone. Write your speech the way you would normally
talk. Work in some small talk or humor, if appropriate.
Use the speaker notes. Typically, speaker notes are not seen
by the audience. So, this is a good place to put reminders to yourself.
Be specific. It's better to give examples or
statistics to support a point than it is to make a vague statement.
Use short sentences. It's likely you're not going to give
your speech word for word anyway. Shorter sentences will be easier to
remember.
5. Select a Presentation Tool
For most
presentations, you'll want to use a professional presentation tool such as
PowerPoint, Google Slides, or a similar package. A presentation tool allows you
to add visual interest to your public speaking speech. Many of them allow you
to add video or audio to further engage your audience.
6. Select a Template and Finish
A presentation
template controls the look and feel of your presentation. A good template
design can make the difference between a memorable public speech with
eye-catching graphics and a dull, forgettable talk.
7. How to Make a Public Speech
Source : Google Images
Now that you've
completed all of the steps above, you're ready to give your speech. Before you
give your speech publicly, though, there are a few things you should remember:
Don't read your speech. If you can, memorize your speech. If
you can't, it's okay to use note cards or even your outline--but don't
read those either. Just refer to them if you get stuck.
Practice. Not only will practice help you get
more comfortable with your speech, it'll will also help you determine how
your speech fits into the time slot you've been allotted.
Do use visual aids. Of course, your presentation template
adds a visual element to your public speech, but if other visual aids work
with your presentation they can be helpful as well.
Dress comfortably, but professionally. The key is to fit in. If you're not
sure how others at your meeting will be dressed, contact the organizer and
ask.
Speak and stand naturally. It's normal to be a little nervous, but
try to act as naturally as you can. Even if you make a mistake, keep
going. Your audience probably won't even notice.
Be enthusiastic. Excitement is contagious. If you're
excited about your topic, your audience will likely be excited too.
